Breast Cancer Essay -- essays research papers

In the United States in 1999 alone, an estimated 43,700 people will die from breast cancer. It is the number two cancer killer among females ages 15 to 54. On average if a woman gets this disease, their life expectancy drops drastically. This cancer is within the top three cancers of all women above the age of 15, and comprises a great amount of all health care costs in the U.S. totaling an astounding 37 billion dollars a year in direct medical costs. An average woman is said to have a one in nine chance of getting the cancer, but if that person had family history of the disease, his or her chances have been measured up to a one in six chance. Sixty-nine percent of African-American women survive from it, and there are predicted to be nearly two million new cases reported this year in the U.S. (Breast Cancer Key Statistics). Breast cancer is a group of rapidly reproducing, undifferentiated cells in the area of the breast in men and women. The earliest changes occur in the epithelial cells of the terminal end buds (TEB) of the breast milk ductal system. While the progressive steps of breast cancer are unknown, the cells in the breast trigger a reaction of cell reproduction. These new cancer cells form tumors. If cancer cells are active or are considered malign, the tumor grows at tremendous speeds, and may end up in metastasis. Metastasis is a complex process in which cells break away from their primary tumors, and via the blood supply or through the lymph system relocate into other organs, thus spreading cancer throughout the body. Generally, if a lump is smaller than one centimeter, it is considered benign, although every woman should consult her doctor about any unusual bumps or feeling in the chest. One sign of breast cancer results from ductal cancer in the breast. A once hollow open tube could be completely clogged up with cancerous cells leaving an awkward feeling in the chest area. Other complications that result from this cancer and others are the clogg ing and cramming of the system (American Cancer Society, 1999: 10). Recently genes have been named as a great cause of cancer. It now is thought in the medical community that while there are definite environmental contributors to cancer, even those people who are exposed to few carcinogens may suffer from disease that runs in their families. Among the genes that are being heavily researched is the gene... ...99. "Case Studies." http://www.cancergenetics.org/bc.htm. April 12, 1999. "Detection." http://www3.cancer.org/cancerinfo/main_cont.asp?st=ds&ct=5#early. September 20, 1999. "Exercise Reduces Breast Cancer." http://www.oncolink.com/cancer_news/1994/exercise_bc.html. August 26, 1999. Fitzgerald et al. The New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 334, No. 3. January 18, 1996. "Guidelines for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer." The American Breast Cancer Guide (1999): 6. "Newly Synthesized Compound Can Inhibit Development of Precancerous Cells." http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/~ffh/vitamind.htm. "Perceptions of Breast Cancer Risk and Screening Effectiveness in Women Younger Than 50 Years of Age." http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/jnci/issue10/87-720.html. "Risk Factors for Breast Cancer." http://www3.cancer.org/cancerinfo/main_cont.asp?st=pr&ct=5#risk. September 20, 1999. "Tamoxifen." http://www.infomed.org/100drugs/tamofram.html. 1996. "Treatment. http://www3.cancer.org/cancerinfo/main_cont.asp?st=tr&ct=5. September 20, 1999. "Types of Breast Cancer", " Breast Cancer Stages." Breast Cancer Treatment Guidelines for Patients, Version II (June 1999): 7, 10.

Volunteering at East Lansing Health Care for elder people

Reflection Paper Volunteering at East Lansing Health Care for elder people Trough class I learned about the opportunity to volunteer at East Lansing Health Care for elder people. So far, I and have spent 15 hours helping the elderly at the institution. Every day senior people face obstacles that they need help with. First, it is hard for many of them to move and they need help with doing regular things. Second, senior people have much to say and they require moral support. By socializing with the elderly, I help them express their thoughts and ideas. They know that I truly care about them, and they feel safe and open with me.I begin my usual volunteer day by talking with the elderly and keeping the conversation going until they have expressed themselves fully. These people need to be heard and understood – this is what mostly help them with. I provide moral support for the once who need It. Some seniors like to talk about their family and relatives. When I first started workin g at East Lansing Health Care for elder people, I met a resident named He was very friendly and keen to socialize with me. He told me that for him, family means everything and that he always keeps pictures of his family n his drawer. Lulled out his photo album and started introducing me to his family and telling me stories about them. It was very fascinating and interesting. I also showed him my family on the phone, after which started asking me about my family and what they do. It was a very friendly and relaxed conversation that I really enjoyed. A few days ago, I had a quite scientific conversation with one of the residents about the possible consequences of global warming. Was very knowledgeable of the issue and told me many interesting facts that he read in the news.He told me that If our planet warms up by Just four degrees, no permanent Ice will remain on the planet. Also said that should this happen, rising sea levels will threat the humanity. I was amazed at how much passio n this resident had trying to explain me what Is happening to our planet. At the end, asked about my plans for the Thanksgiving. He advised that I go vaults the Great Lakes and enjoy the wonderful nature in that area. Conversations like this really make me feel involved and I get personal satisfaction from the time I am devoting to volunteering.Yesterday, I helped organize a Halloween party for the elders at the facility dining room. We served them food and a cake and made sure they were engaged in the party. I think events like this help the elders come together and remember their youth. I could see Joy in their eyes as they sang a country song together. Overall, I believe that my service benefits the community. Moreover, I am certain that volunteering experience also benefits me. First, it broadens my horizons by connecting me with the segment of the population I would not normally encounter In my day-to-day life on campus.Through volunteering, I am able to see a clearer picture o f the American society, which Is making me more aware. Moreover, by leaving my comfort zone. I am able to develop. Second, through volunteering I am people. In the future, I am also planning to volunteer at East Lansing Refugee Development Center and help refugees from all over the world. I am sure I will be able to help refugees with adapting to the American culture and getting over with the past. Many friends ask me, why do you volunteer? I usually respond that I feel like it is my moral obligation to help people.In this particular case, helping the elderly reminds me helping my grandparents and I feel rewarded when they simply say â€Å"Thank you! † or ask â€Å"When will you come again? † I establish personal connections with the elders I help and instill trust in our relationships. We are friends, friends that can help each other for no profit. Thus, my experience volunteering at East Lansing Health Care for elder people has been very positive and rewarding. I pla n to continue volunteering at the organization until the end of semester, and hopefully will be able to benefit many seniors, who need my help and attention.

Essay on Childhood Memories in Once More to the Lake by...

Once More to the Lake For many people there is a sweet scent, an inviting image, the familiar sound of laughter that bring them back to a place full of childhood images. In â€Å"Once More to the Lake†, author E.B. White longs to bring his audience back to one of the most memorable places in his childhood, a camp on a lake in Maine, starting in about 1904. He shows the reader how he feels he has replaced his own father and is playing the same role he played nearly forty years earlier. White directs his essay at an anonymous audience. Read by children, it is yet another â€Å"when I was your age† story, but to an adult or parent he is quite successful in provoking old forgotten memories. The author assumes his audience will, at least somewhat,†¦show more content†¦Whether on purpose or by accident, White has neglected to include copious examples of scents in his essay. White also tells of the wonderful tastes of Maine, the pop that burned as it backfired up his nose and the sweet doughnuts dipped in sugar. He describes for his audience the sounds of summer, the loud fuss over unpacking trunks, the familiar squeals of delight as his family arrived, the silence of the peaceful morning, the hum of boat motors. Noticeably, White has not touched much on his audience’s sense of touch. The dominant impression of White’s essay is undoubtedly one of sweet reminiscence. He is thrilled that things remain the same and says so a countless number of times. The reader will frequently come across the use of an anaphora, usually with words like same, forever, without end, unshatterable, fade-proof, infinitely. These words all give his audience a sense of perpetual life, eternal beauty, immortality. One will also see polysyndetons emphasizing the importance of each and every word he has chosen to include. White repeatedly uses the phrase, â€Å"jollity and peace and goodness†. This assists in supporting his dominant impression of fond, lasting memories. White continuously uses asyndeton in his essay, giving his audience the impression that no list he provides is ever quite complete. There will always be another sight, another smell, another sound, another taste that he has forgotten to include. In his essay, the author gives hisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Once More To The Lake By Billy Collins1337 Words   |  6 Pagesin 10 or 20 years, since memories are bound to change and even slip away as time continues. The poem â€Å"Forgetfulness† by Billy Collins and the essay â€Å"Once More to the Lake† by E.B. White both use diction and devices in order to help present how memories change and get lost as time moves on. The poem â€Å"Forgetfulness† explains how memories will slip away as one ages, and the sadness of not knowing simple facts and skills anymore. The text â€Å"Once More to the Lake† by E.B. White explains the story of a fatherRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Once More To The Lake1032 Words   |  5 PagesIn the text â€Å"Once More to the Lake† author E.B. White focuses on appealing to fathers or even possibly parents in general. The text is eloquently written to ultimately reiterate that change is constant and at some point in life all people will eventually die. His primary goal of this text is to enjoy the moments in one’s life before life is over. A nostalgic tone is used throughout when comparing his childhood memories to the current memories he is making with his own son. White is effective in illustratingRead MoreDiction Of Memory In Billy Collinss Once More To The Lake850 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst time since the winter. These details are all specific memories that are related to these pieces of writing. â€Å"Once More to the Lake† by E.B White and Forgetfulness by Billy Collins are deep and meaningful texts. In the essay by E.B White, the main character is a father and goes to the lake with his son. During the trip, the main character feels like he is living a dual existence with his son and remembering memories from his childhood. On the other hand, in the poem Collins, writes about forgetfulnessRead MoreNo Place Like Home By Marni Gillard903 Words   |  4 Pagesfind a reflection of myself in EB Whites â€Å"Once More to The Lake.† A story that brilliantly creates a sense of nostalgia and a connection to a significant place. Therefore, through Whites story and my own personal experience I learned that a place is a powerful force in our lives due to the memories and the connection it creates with people. We all have that one place in our lives, that one place that makes us feel comfortable due to its familiarity and great memories. Mine is my grandparents houseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Once More On The Lake 1327 Words   |  6 PagesAnnie Dillard and E.B. White we can find some strange similarities. In their works â€Å"Once More to the Lake† by White, and â€Å"Aces and Eights† by Dillard, they seem to be writing about completely different things. White’s essay is about visiting his favorite lake from his childhood with his son. White’s essay is about visiting a summer cabin with a child she neither names nor claims any relation to. Yet, digging deeper beneath the surface, we find strong connections through their memories, their child companionsRead MoreSummary Of Once More To The Lake840 Words   |  4 PagesIn his essay â€Å"Once More to the Lake,† author E.B. White reflects on experiences he has had throughout his life at a family vacat ion spot. Although he writes the essay as an adult, he focuses on many childhood experiences with his father at the lake, comparing them to experiences he is having at same lake with his son. White begins by recalling his first time at the lake. He examines the similarities and differences between the two generations of lake experiences through rhetorical techniques inRead MoreOnce More Of The Lake2211 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Once More to the Lake† is a short essay written by E.B. White for his column in the New Yorker, One Man’s Meat. â€Å"Once More to the Lake† is a story about a father who is taking his son to his childhood vacation spot. On the trip, the father finds himself inside the memories of his past. Throughout the trip, the father finds differences in the lake from when he was a child. While much of E.B. White s essay is set in the present, the author explores his own mortality as he looks both to the pastRead MoreAmerican Literature Since T he Civil War1948 Words   |  8 Pagesthemes are put into writing, they have the power to unite communities and create a shared understanding of life as an American. E.B. White examines some of these themes of American culture, such as the American tradition of summer vacation, the commonly experienced mid-life crisis, anxiety about change, and fear of one’s own mortality. E.B. White’s â€Å"Once More to the Lake† is a memorable piece of American literature that continues to be relatable today because of its emphasis on growing old and facingRead MoreThe Effects Of Imperialism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1633 Words   |  7 Pagesthat imperialism destroyed both the native and the white man’s freedom. When Orwell is reluctant to shoot the elephant, he states â€Å"I perceive in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys.† He appeals to the audience’s emotion by stating this, making it clear that he feels more pressured by the native Burmans in that moment than he ever did as the oppressor. Consequently, he feels as if the Burmans have more power over him than vice versa.   Ã‚  Likewise, Orwell’sRead MoreThe Inevitability Of Aging Is An Unstoppable Force917 Words   |  4 PagesTherefore, memory infinitely creates concepts just as nature will grow unchecked if not tamed. Once More to the Lake written in 1941, E.B. White. His essay is easily readable, and his diction is simplistic. His descriptions and imagery include White s past and present memories. The narration is first person through the eyes and voice of the author. On the other hand, White s theme is more illusive. This retrospection allows the reader to slip behind the wall of time and memories to watch a son

Three Ways in Which a Business or Corporation and the...

Many parents work to provide their children with the latest gadgets, vacations, and the best education. Ironically, they don’t think about the environmental state that they are leaving their children and grandchildren. Not only would going green leave a healthier environment to their heirs, going green can be financially rewarding providing additional money support other luxuries. The Natural Science Class at Spring Arbor University, challenged me to identify three ways in which I, a business or corporation, and the government can reduce environmental waste. Each solution must contain supporting documentation pertaining to the feasibility, cost, and estimated reduction. The solutions I have identified are: †¢ Not using plastic†¦show more content†¦The U.S. uses 84 billion plastic bags, out of the 500 billion used worldwide. These facts alone should convince everyone to purchase and use reusable shopping bags. How am I going to incorporate the reusable bags in my household? The reusable bags range in price from $.99 to $5.00 depending on the bags quality and design. To alleviate excuses â€Å"I forgot the bags† or â€Å"I didn’t go to that store† and â€Å"I didn’t have enough bags†, I decided that I would not purchase reusable bags consisting of a stores logo. To avoid my husband not wanting to use re-usable Meijer bags at Kroger, I will purchase Michigan State reusable grocery bags. The most difficult task will be remembering to take the reusable bags when we go grocery shopping or having them with us if we stop to buy a few things on the way home from work. Placing bags between the passenger seat and console will both remind an d condition myself and husband to use the recyclable bags rather than the plastic. I am certain this simple solution will become second nature within a few weeks. â€Å"They say time changes things, but you actually have to change them yourself. –Andy Warhol Business or Corporation Environmental Reduction Technology improvements and rising education costs alone justify eliminating text books both economical and environmental friendly. Would providing students an electronic reader ultimately save school districts moneyShow MoreRelatedWhy Cap And Trade Is A Better Solution857 Words   |  4 Pagesconservative who advocates free market and limited government, has argued that carbon tax is the less complex and better guarantee solution to carbon reduction; however, the main purpose of this paper is to rebut his argument and to present why Cap-and-Trade is a better solution compare to other solution in controlling variables, ensuring social justice and last expanding global regulation on carbon dioxide. In which how cap and trade can reduce carbon emission and save the earth from climate changeRead MoreSustainable Development Within A Business1502 Words   |  7 PagesSustainable development in a business, although a widely used phrase and idea, has many different meanings and therefore provokes many different responses. Although managing the economic bottom line and protecting social and environment resources is an important aspect of sustainability, it is not the only aspect. For example, sustainability refers greatly to an accounting framework with three parts: social, environment and financial. Commonly known as the Triple Bottom Line. One business that aims to achieveRead MoreScriptpad1373 Words   |  6 PagesDiscussion Question: 1. What degree of confidence do you have that Gerritsen, Buck, and Leay will be able to execute their three-point plan? What factors have to come together for the plan to work? What advantages does Aquaflow have in its efforts to execute the plan and continue to grow? Answer: They can truly execute the three-point plan because it can be one of the most competitive player in the market. Some factors to consider to make this plan work is that Aquaflow must use wild algae toRead MoreProfitability of Environmentally Friendly Companies1571 Words   |  7 Pages(1:00pm-2:30pm) Corporations that have an eco-friendly philosophy are rewarded with greater profits. Outline: I. The Environment and your business II. The benefits of an environmentally friendly business A. Value of Being green B. Make your business environmentally friendly III. Support to help your business go green IV. A. Summary B. Conclusion I. Introduction A. Background of the Study A â€Å"green† business strives to have a positiveRead MoreThe Global Supplier Network : Adidas Trained More Than 2000 Persons1379 Words   |  6 Pagesbuilt of three pillars; they are respect (the rights of workers), protect (the work standards) and promote (wage progression and fair wages). (Adidas14, 2015). This approach helped Adidas to maintain a strong sustainable workplace standard keeping corporate social responsibility in mind. Sustainability efforts for a safer Planet Keeping the planet in mind, they developed a global single safer planet/environmental strategy for entire operations across the world. The goal of the group is to reduce theirRead MoreRecycling Should Be Mandatory For The United States1584 Words   |  7 Pagesmaking new products from a product that has originally served its purpose. The process of recycling starts when used products are disposed in an appropriate, environmentally friendly way. Items made from materials such as paper, tin cans, aluminum cans, plastic water bottles, and glass, which people use in everyday life, can be separated from regular trash and put in an appropriate recycling bin. The United States now realizes the importance of recycling. However, many ignorant people still think separatingRead MoreCorporate Responsibility : Samsung And Panasonic Essay1984 Words   |  8 Pagescommunication devices and home appliances such as washing machines and fridges. They operate on a global scale and as a result, they h ave access to a several ranges of markets. Due to their advancements in the business world, they have a wider corporate responsibility. Moreover, with the increasing environmental issues affecting humanity and the nature of their product, these companies have an obligation to the communities they affect, in ensuring that the negative impacts accrued to the production of theirRead More Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagescorporate social responsibility (CSR) became an important development in public life (Barnett, ND).Corporate social responsibility is defined as â€Å"the ways in which an organisation exceeds the minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through regulation and corporate governance† (Johnson, Schools and Whittington, N.D cited in March, 2012). Stakeholders can be defined as â€Å"those individuals or groups who depend on the organisation to fulfil their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organisation depends†Read MoreSwo t Analysis Of Honda1603 Words   |  7 Pagestechnological trends to stay competitive. The business level strategy at Honda is in line with its enterprise and corporate strategy. The corporation also conducts Research and Development (RD) in a total of six countries. The research and development system is tailored in its approach to producing products and services that are durable and reliable at the same time. Economic decisions of Honda Motor Company The macroeconomic environment of a business is crucial to all its operations. This is becauseRead MoreThe Sustainable Development Is Defined By The Brundtland Report Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. (World Commission on Environment and Development). The Gross National Product (GNP) measures the economic activities and production of every country. As the GNP of a country tends to rise so does its resource consumption. Industrialized nations consume more energy per capita than third world countries, as the energy is needed in every economical aspect: business, manufacturing

A Great Job At Raising The Different Perspectives And...

Alison Jaggar does a great job at raising the different perspectives and issues concerning global women’s rights issues, however the way she goes about proving her theses and substantiating her claims may leave her readers at a loss. Alison Jaggar criticizes the way in which western feminists approach the topics of global women’s rights issues. She dedicates much of her essay against essentialism, which she describes as a typical, biased view of global women’s issues from a western perspective that demonstrates a lack of cultural relativism. The issue with her argument is its lack of direction and consistency. Jaggar claims that western feminists need a better sense of cultural relativism, however later in her paper when she discusses cases of women’s rights violations, she writes about them as if these rights were universal. This constant change in her argument undermines many of her main ideas and credibility. Furthermore, her use of multiple theses may confuse her readers as to what the main argument of her article really is. Most of the issues in Jaggar’s article stem from the style of her writing rather than the actual content in the article. Although she does contradict herself a few times, which will be discussed later in the paper, for the most part she does back up each of her claims with enough evidence. She does clearly state her four driving theses in her article. They are as follows: the first, â€Å"injustice by culture† the second, â€Å"autonomy of culture,† theShow MoreRelatedThe Human Rights Crisis Of Girl Sex Trafficking3460 Words   |  14 Pageshuman rights crisis of girl sex-trafficking by supporting Maiti Nepal in its work of prevention, interception, rescue and rehabilitation of victims; and criminal prosecution of perpetrators. Recent studies show that about 20,000 girls are trafficked every year in Nepal. Most of these girls come from the rural areas of the country where there is lack of education on topics like these. Those girls are deceived by the pimps, who tell the girls that they will be provided with high paying jobs if theyRead MoreThe Inequality Between Men And Women2479 Words   |  10 Pagesbetween men and women that has taken place in organizations for multiple years in history. Women are facing many challenges with trying to be viewed as equals among their male counterparts, but these challenges are nothing that a woman will be able to change on her own. The question is why is it so hard for gender diversity to be incorporated into the work place, but not only that is how can it actually being to make a difference for all women employees in every organization. Women are just as educatedRead MoreCase Study : Mcdonald s Company4951 Words   |  20 Pagesfastest growing in the industry of fast food services (Employee handbook, 18). The corporation sales are now at a staggering $30 billion an year contributed by the 21,000 stores that are located across 101 different nations around the world. The success of the corporation has been as a result of a great contribution by the company’s management where there has been application of new ideas to give the corporation an upper edge in the market. On analysis of the company’s blueprints, a projection has beenRead MoreEssay on Comparing the Managerial Styles of Males and Females3606 Words   |  15 Pagesworkforce is now made up of women, and women are a growing percentage of the workforce in most countries throughout the world (Robbins, 2005:18). It is common to find a woman supervising or managing a group of men. This paper will discuss the difference, if exists, between the managerial styles of males and females. First, we will shed some light on the basic differences in personality traits and competencies between men and women, and then will analyze the different cultural perceptions of a Read MoreEssay about Soap Opera Genre2899 Words   |  12 Pagesattempted to articulate social change through issues of race, class and sexuality. In dealing with what are often perceived to be awkward issues soap operas make good stories along the emotional lines of the characters. Christine Geraghty (1991, p. 147) ‘While it seeks to accommodate change, it tries to do so on the basis of suppressing difference rather than acknowledging and welcoming what it offers.’ Soap operas use the dramatisation of social issues to generate a greater sense of realism for theRead MoreEssay about Affirmative Action3693 Words   |  15 Pages â€Å"the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, sex or national origin,† (Sykes). Before the Civil Rights Acts of 1965 and the 1954 Scott v. Topeka decision, there were â€Å"unwritten la ws and protection for white men† against competition from women and ethnic minorities in prestigious professions, creating blatant inequality (Alsbrook). Affirmative action policies designed in part to counteract such â€Å"unwritten laws† were firstRead MoreWe Must Put and End to Human Trafficking Essay4110 Words   |  17 Pagesmonstrous offenses against human rights that occurs today. It is imperative for a more substantial effort to be put forth in order to combat the growing number of human trafficking cases. This effort must not be merely centered on individual countries fighting local cases; to see true results, countries must work together globally to punish offenders from each nation. This issue should be of great concern to people worldwide and the initiative must be taken to raise global awareness on this topic. InRead MoreGlobal Labour Regulation : Independent Study Project3780 Words   |  16 Pages Global Labour Regulation – Independent Study Project HRM-30031 A Research Report. A study of migration in EU countries. Module Leader: Dr. Steve French Student No.: 13023330 Submission Date: Friday, 08th May 2015 Word Count: 4,000 words This research report will be focusing mainly on the study of migration in the European Union (EU) countries. The study of migration will look specifically in two selected countries, which are Romania, and Bulgaria. This paper will first describe aboutRead MoreBusiness Ethics9512 Words   |  39 Pagesbusiness ethics 2. Ethical issues in business 3. Ethical theories and how to use them 4. Individual response to ethical issues; personal values 5. Individual response to ethical situation 6. Individual response to ethical issues; whistle blowing 7. Business response to Ethical Issues: Corporate social responsibility 8. Business response to Ethical issues: Sustainability 9. Business responses to ethical issues: ethical codes and standards 10. The International Context: Global and Local Values 11. MoralRead MoreThe Traditional Media Is A Mixed Blessing For Feminists3028 Words   |  13 PagesBrenda Nguonly Professor John Baker HN 110, Section 012 30 October 2014 The traditional media is a mixed blessing for feminists; on one hand, they educate the American public about issues like wife-beating and the gender gap, and on the other, both synthesize feminism into a homogenous mold and reinforce â€Å"post-feminist† repudiation of feminist wins. Traditional mass communications impose a gender dualism that made no room for gray - â€Å"bad† feminism versus â€Å"good† masculine norm - ignore marginal (feminist)

Theoretical Practical Implications Crucial-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Theoretical Practical Implications Crucial? Answer: Introduction: Ethics are one of the crucial base for having a strong setup of business. Their theoretical, as well as practical implications, can be seen today in our nearest business environment. Various laws have been framed which governs the rule of ethics in the business. The history behind forming these laws where some famous corporate or business scandals which had taken place in the business environment. One of them is of Satyam Computers Private Limited where the stakeholders have been duped on the basis of mutilated financial statements (Potts Matuszewski, 2004). Ethical issue involved and the ethical dilemma faced by the parties: The case of Satyam Computer Services Limited is a well-known corporate case which have attracted worldwide attention similar to Enron. It involved the issue of breaking the norms of corporate governance by altering the financial statements for holding up personal interest of the founder at the cost of the shareholders. The founder A. Raju was worried regarding the fall in the market value of the company. This will further lead to losing the overall control from the company. In order to retain its control and to earn undue gains, the founders planned of compromising with the corporate governance in order to embezzle the property of the shareholders. In order to safeguard the control, lawful ways could have been adopted but due to the unethical behavior of the founder members along with the support of companys auditors, they chose the wrong path at the cost of the companys future (Bhasin, 2013). Identification and evaluation of the stake holders that were impacted by the ethical issue: Due to Satyam case, apart from the company, it has also affected its stakeholders. Right from its employees, shareholders and the economy of the country, all have been drastically affected due to this scandal. This case had become a major threat to the jobs of the employees of Satyam as they were highly at risk. If the company is itself a fraud, there is certainly a question of job security for the employees. The Information Technology sector of India at that time had faced a drastic and steep downfall which had polluted its image globally. The economy of India was moving towards its boom period prior to the Satyam case. Post this fraud, the nations Gross Domestic Product had fallen by around in the range of 0.3 % to 0.5% (Padgett, et al., 2013). The scam of Satyam has negatively affected its share price to the core. Post Rajus confession regarding the fraud, the price of the companys shares had fallen drastically to a negligible value. This has not only affected the Indian sharehold ers wealth but also the image of the companies existing in India for the purpose of investment among the foreign investors (Singh, et al., 2010). Analysis of the decision based on ethics and its impact on the business: The decision made by the involved parties in the Satyam fraud case was not at all ethical in any way. Though it took the form of an accounting scandal but its base was an outcome of the wrongful decision related to the ethics. As far as the founders are concerned, it is expected that they carry out their duties in favor of the companys stakeholders. The management team of the company including its directors, all are expected to work for the growth and development of the business and not funding their own self-interest. Earning profits is not a bad motive but the way of earning them counts. The founders aimed for profits but in a wrongful direction which further lead to their fall down. The second party, i.e. the Satyams auditors, PWC had violated their code of conduct and ethics by supporting the founders in altering the financial statements (Singh, et al., 2010). One wrong decision can cost a person almost everything. The similar thing happened with the Satyam Computers Private Limited. Its trading has been suspended both within and outside India. The auditors, as well as the alleged parties, were asked to pay heavy charges which accounted for committing the fraud (Brown, et al., 2014). The reputation of Satyam Computers Private Limited was standing nowhere post fraud and it had lost all its importance in the eyes of foreign investors worldwide. The share price crashed within a period of time and the existence of the company was under a question. In order to take the short cut route of earning high profit, the company faced its downfall by breaking the laws which further leaded to the non-existence of the business (Padgett, et al., 2013). Comparing and contrasting the view on business ethics post attending the lectures and case assignment: Business Ethics lays down ethical and moral guidelines which is required to be followed for surviving in the business environment. It helps in identifying the action as in what can be right and what can go wrong. Like, there exist many business corporations whose aim is to focus on the benefits and ignoring business ethics. My view of business ethics was confined to the academic purpose. I used to hardly find any practical implications of it in the business . But after attending the lectures, my views have certainly changed a lot. I have learnt that the area of business ethics is quite exhaustive and is not really confined to the academic domain. After analyzing the case of Satyam, I have actually acknowledged the importance of business ethics in our business environment. Previously, I used to think it of as an academic content but today, I have found its practical implications as well. I was unaware of its depth but after analyzing the cases, I have found that by nit following the b usiness ethics, it can cost you your job, your reputation, your business and even your existence in this business world (Craig, et al., 2013) Conclusion: Today, the role of business ethics has diversified a lot and applies right from the small business to the large corporations. Satyams fraud case is an iconic example which explains the irony of non-fulfilling the needs of business ethics. The business should maintain its balance of profits, security and business ethics. By promoting honesty and fairness in the business, greater success can be achieved (Bews Rossouw, 2002). References Bews, N. Rossouw, G., 2002. A Role for Business Ethics in Facilitating Trustworthiness. Journal of Business Ethics, 39(4), p. 379. Bhasin, M., 2013. Corporate Accounting Scandal at Satyam: A Case Study of India's Enron. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 1(12), pp. 25-47. Brown, V. L., Brian, D. Julie, P., 2014. Satyam fraud: A case study of India's Enron. Issues in Accounting Education, 29(3), pp. 419-442. Craig, R., Mortensen, T. Iyer, S., 2013. Exploring top management language for signals of possible deception: The words of Satyams chair Ramalinga Raju.. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(2), pp. 333-347. Padgett, D. R. G., Shuhui, S. C. Parekh, V., 2013. The quest for transparency and accountability: Communicating responsibly to stakeholders in crises. Asian Social Science, 9(9), p. 31. Potts, S. Matuszewski, I., 2004. Ethics and Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 12(2), pp. 177-179. Singh, J., Kumar, N. Uzma, S., 2010. Satyam fiasco: Corporate governance failure and lessons therefrom. IUP Journal of Corporate Governance, 9(4), p. 30.

Constructivism in Mathematics

Question: Discuss about the Constructivism in Mathematics. Answer: Introduction: It is crucial to develop in children the ability to tackle problems with initiative an confidencemathematics has changed from careful rehearsal of standard procedures to a focus on mathematical thinking and communication to prepare them for the world of tomorrow(Anghileri, 2006, p.2). Mathematics is one of the vital domains of education and development. Learning math is fun and is essential for human beings to have the knowledge of mathematics to develop in life. This is because the potential that mathematics has in shaping the reasoning and other cognitive skills of the human beings. However, when it comes to teaching math, there is no such unique traditional method of teaching, all the traditional methods of teaching not very appropriate for teaching mathematics. Teaching mathematics needs radically different methods which are based on active learning methodologies. These are particularly needed for developing the learning skills in children in the school education. Constructivism has all the required potential to impart these skills. The current essay briefs the concept of constructivism and will explain how the tool is applicable for developing the fun and creative action based learning strategies. Also explained are the traits needed in mathematical school ed ucation for the 21st century needs of the school children (Troelestra, 2014). Constructivism in learning mathematics is one of the fundamental theoretical aspects that serve the purpose of disseminating the mathematical learning to the children. Students are required to develop their styles of understanding of the mathematical concepts for effective learning of the course and the applications contained in. A key aspect of the constructivism based learning the subject is decomposition of the mainstream subject into different developmental steps and then learning the concept following a Piagetian theory of knowledge. Constructivism believes that the focus should not be on the content rather it should be on the way how people learn the subject. It believes that the mathematics knowledge results from people forming models in response to the questions and challenges that arise when practically engaged in understanding the math problems and environments (Fosnot, 2013). Constructivism considers problem-solving as the heart of learning, thinking, and development of the human beings. As children or people actively involved in problem-solving they develop constructs and based on the consequences of their actions and from reflections they get from the previous experiences will develop their own approach towards understanding new concepts. The constructivisitic attitude does have routes from the biological evolution and the adaptive functionality of cognition. Piaget et al postulated that the learning in the children and human beings will be form through the adaptation of the information assimilation and accommodation of the same (Ackermann, 2001). Learning mathematics with constructivist approach is the ultimate theme of the essay and the supporting views and the facts are provided in the essay. Constructivism as well behavioristic theories are normally used for formulating the learning procedures. However for teaching mathematics constructivist ideology based learning is more significant. Like constructivist ideology behavioristic ideology believes that the learning do from the interactions of the learner with the environment, without interfering anything that is going on inside the learner. It is just based on the application of the methods of science to the study of human learning. Behavioristic approach just focus on the issues like situation, behavior and the consequences of the behavior, it does not focus on any issue beyond this. Hence constructivist approach is selected as right ideology for learning mathematics in this discussion. Constructivist believes that the knowledge is acquired by the persons construction of hi mself or herself in the given environment. Hence his inner response constructs play a key role in his learning approach. The following parts of discussion focus on constructivism and its key features in the context of learning mathematics (Kolb, 2014). Mathematics is a unique subject; frankly speaking there is no other subject like mathematics. It is not possible to teach mathematics through conventional means and it is not possible to teach mathematics by any teacher through all the traditional methods. An effective mathematics teacher is the one, who can actually stimulate the students to learn mathematics. There are research based findings actually seconding the concept that the students can only learn mathematics if they have all their own mental construction of the concepts and only if they have their own understanding the concepts of the mathematics. The only way possible to create, construct and discover mathematics is by constructivist approach. This is possible by stimulating the student intuition of exploration, explanation and justification of the solution strategies to mathematical tasks(Draper,2002). Constructivism is the best fit in this direction; since it is the best tool that works on to enhance the mathematical po wer in students. Mathematical power is the ability of the students to logically reason, conjecture as well effectively communicate mathematics. Active engagement is the key for learning mathematics. There are several theories that actually support the view expressed by Constructivism. The learning skills develop in human beings through the social interactions with more knowledgeable persons. This human learning actually presupposes a specific social nature and the process by which children grown into the intellectual life of those around them. Interaction is the key to develop proximal developments in the human beings (Steaffie, 2013). Traditionally play is proved to be vehicle of thought and its considered to be critical element in early childhood education and pedagogy. Play in early childhood can be used to promote the mathematical concepts, ideas and explorations. Educators can customise the plays that do promote the needed mathematical concepts and the ideas. Play will not actually guarantee the mathematical development, however they will provide rich possibilities of mathematical development. Play has capabilities to promote the natural curiosity in children. Play naturally do consist the attributes of fund and there is no limits for creativity than can be fused into the play. Mathematics learning through the application of play actually makes people believe that it is a social activity and it is relevant to everyday lives of children (Singer, 2006). Constructivism will prompt the students to formulate their own way of making questions, it will let the students interpret their own perception of the situation, they will express the learning their own way. It does encourage group works and will help problem solving in teams as well. Constructivism is all about learning how to learn the concept and applying the same for problem solving. Students are no more considered some sort of blank states on whom the knowledge is heed. Rather they are considered as the instances who develop their own knowledge of the situation and works out ways of solving them. There is lot of scope for applying concrete materials, sensory motor experiences and met language through creative playlets for developing the needed learning experiences for children in mathematics. Value of play and met cognition will cultivate in students an awareness and capabilities to think divergently and will help them learn and apply the mathematical knowledge to the things aro und. Play based learning has capabilities to let the students engage in activities and methods that has potential to develop mathematical knowledge and skills in practice and working mathematics and to use the same for communicating their understandings(Beg,2015). As per the policy statement on numeracy education in children, several mathematical organizations have briefed that the being numerate possesses the capabilities to use mathematics effectively to meet the general demands of life at home, in paid work as well in the community and civic life. Numeracy skills in 21st century focused on the following aspects of the learning, mathematical, contextual and strategic skills. All these skills should be blended in right form and in right proportion to meet the practical requirements. The mathematical process and numerating process is supposed to meet the above requirements in the 21st century. The new generation children in school can accept the techniques only when they are meaningful and possess real value and sense to them. Even though the children in school level will not be having the enlightment of what they will be using at the university level and thereafter, the basic view of the people at the university level towards mathematics is t hat they feel they need only instrumental education (Sarama, 2009). However school level mathematical learning is more about the developing the concepts and constructs to take up more challenging learnings in the future to come. It might be right attitude to cultivate the school mathematics learning to possess the inclination to include statistics, computer codes, algebra in the main stream process. Each one of these mathematical skill can be rightly induced to the children through constructivist instruments of learning. They indeed will provide a right platform for children to develop all the needed knowledge base for the future requirements (Gilakanj, 2013). The write up has focused on two types of theories of learning behavioristic as well as constructivist approaches. The constructivist approach focus on the way inner feelings and response of the human beings results in developing the key traits in understanding solutions to the problems. Active engagement in creative plays and related strategies is considered as right tool for developing the skills of mathematical power in children. Considering the significance of mathematical process and numeracy, the 21st century children should be exposed to the constructivist learning methods of active involvement based learning, more focus on integrating the concepts with the game play, the integration process should be highly creative, more and more emphasis should be provided to the hands on activities, there should be more interaction between the school children, the environment and other stake holders, emphasis more on the building the capabilities and the constructs rather than the actual pr oblem solution(Clarke,2009). Hence Learning mathematics is to be introspected for radical change in the teaching approach and constructivism should be employed for the total revision of the current practice and trends in teaching mathematics for school children. Inactive and recitation based learning methods are obsolete and cannot be used further. References Troelstra, A. S., Van Dalen, D. (2014).Constructivism in mathematics (Vol. 2). Elsevier. Fosnot, C. T. (2013).Constructivism: Theory, perspectives, and practice. Teachers College Press. Steffe, L. P., Wood, T. (Eds.). (2013).Transforming children's mathematics education: International perspectives. Routledge. Gilakjani, A. P., Lai-Mei, L., Ismail, H. N. (2013). Teachers' use of technology and constructivism.International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science,5(4), 49. Liu, C. C., Ju, I. (2010). Evolution of constructivism.Contemporary issues in education research,3(4), 63. Hennessey, M. N., Higley, K., Chesnut, S. R. (2012). Persuasive pedagogy: A new paradigm for mathematics education.Educational Psychology Review,24(2), 187-204. Begg, A. (2015). Constructivism: An overview and some implications. Clarke, B., Grevholm, B., Millman, R. (2009).Tasks in primary mathematics teacher education. New York: Springer. Sarama, J., Clements, D. H. (2009).Early childhood mathematics education research: Learning trajectories for young children. Routledge. Kolb, D. A. (2014).Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Ackermann, E. (2001). Piagets constructivism, Paperts constructionism: Whats the difference.Future of learning group publication,5(3), 438. Draper, R. J. (2002). School mathematics reform, constructivism, and literacy: A case for literacy instruction in the reform-oriented math classroom.Journal of Adolescent Adult Literacy,45(6), 520-529. Singer, D. G., Golinkoff, R. M., Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2006).Play= Learning: How play motivates and enhances children's cognitive and social-emotional growth. Oxford University Press.